AI vs Human

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As a funny post here example of counting spinal levels by AI (Artificial Intelligence - purple) vs Human (me - orange). :)

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Huntington Disease

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10 years old boy from parents being cousins to each other presents with progressive rigidity and dystonia. Initial MR showing significant bilateral atrophy in caudate nuclei and putamina with high signal on FLAIR and T2 consistent with gliosis. Note striking symmetric atrophy of the putamina and caudate nuclei on T2 and IR. Huntington disease (HD) is also known as Huntington chorea. HD is an autosomal dominant chronic hereditary neurodegenerative disorder with complete penetrance [Osborn].  Aggregates of huntingtin protein accumulate in axonal terminals, which eventually leads to the death of medium spiny neurons. Autopsy shows generalized cerebral atrophy with an average of 30% reduction in brain weight. Both the cortex and hemispheric WM are affected. The most characteristic gross abnormality is volume loss with rarefaction of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus [Osborn].  Microscopically, HD features neuronal loss with huntingtin nuclear inclusions, astr
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Hemorrhagic Choroid Plexus Cyst

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Transversal Diffusion Weighted sequence shows high signal in the left choroid plexus with corresponding low signal on ADC (restricted diffusion). Finding represents acute Hemorrhagic Choroid Plexus Cyst . It is also known as Choroid Plexus Xanthogranuloma . Gradient Echo sequence (third image) shows low signal in the right choroid plexus representing hemosiderine deposits after previous hemorrhage. Coronal T1 shows intermediate to high signal in the plexus cyst. Note also low signal in the right plexus on T2 (old hemorrhage) and high signal on FLAIR in the left plexus (acute hemorrhage). Choroid Plexus Cysts are very common normal finding. Those often show restricted diffusion. However in our case of patient with hypertension this finding is of interest to the clinicians as a requirement to more closely monitor patient's blood pressure. There were no signs of intraventricular hemorrhage.
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Intracranial Hemorrhage on MRI

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Case of a 2 days old neonate with bilateral subdural hematomas, mainly infratentorial. Note high signal on the coronal T1, low on GRE, high signal with level on T2 and same level on T1 sequences. Signal characteristics represent early subacute hematomas with methemoglobin still in the red blood cells. I would like to use this case as a reminder of signal changes of intracranial hematomas on MRI. The table above shows how we stage (name) hematomas according to time. Important observation is that the very early (hyperacute) hematomas contain Oxyhemoglobin and are difficult to see (isodense to brain) on T1 sequences. Same with Deoxyhemoglobin. Then after about 3 days we start to see high signal of Methemoglobin on T1. That continues to be high on T1 even when Methemoglobin is released from the hemolyzed Red Blood Cells, but then we start to see it as high even on T2. Late remains of the hemorrhage on MR can be seen as a rim of Hemosiderin deposits - that is just black. Gradient E
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